分清几个概念
<1>“主菜单” 和 “顶层菜单” 是一个意思。
<2>主菜单中的项目叫做 “弹出菜单” 或者 “子菜单”。
<3>弹出菜单的项目能够是另外一个弹出菜单。
<4>菜单的状态：启用，禁用。无效化，无效化跟前两者的差别是灰色显示文字。
（1）菜单消息
<1>WM_INITMENU
wParam, // handle to menu (HMENU) lParam // not used
<2>WM_MENUSELECT
菜单项被选中的时候
wParam, // menu item (UINT) and flags (UINT) lParam //handle to menu (HMENU)
当中
LOWORD(wParam) //被选中项目：菜单ID或者弹出式菜单句柄HIWORD(wParam) //选择旗标
旗标是MF_GRAYED、MF_DISABLED、MF_CHECKED、MF_BITMAP、MF_POPUP、MF_HELP、MF_SYSMENU和MF_MOUSESELECT的集合。
<3>WM_INITMENUPOPUP
当下拉菜单被激活的时候就会发出这种消息
WPARAM wParam, // handle to menu (HMENU)LPARAM lParam // item position and indicatorLOWORD（lParam）代表的是菜单项索引，HIWORD（lParam）表示的是TRUE，或者FALSE，菜单是系统菜单的时候表示的TRUE，非系统菜单的时候表示的是FALSE。
<4>WM_COMMAND
表示使用者已经从菜单中选择了一个被启用的菜单项，
LOWORD (wParam)：菜单命令ID
HIWORD(wParam)：0
lParam：0
<5>WM_MENUCHAR
（2）菜单项中的字母的下划线
把字母前面加&字符，就能够出现字母下划线的效果，当用Alt键+ 字符，能够快捷的弹出子菜单，或者运行菜单项命令。
相应属性
（3）菜单项的选中和去选中状态
CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_UNCHECKED) ;CheckMenuItem(hMenu, iSelection, MF_CHECKED) ;
（4）关于Menu的函数
关于菜单的操作从大体方向上看无外乎增删改查四种操作。
4.1 HMENUCreateMenu(VOID);
4.2 BOOL AppendMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uFlags, //menu-item options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem //menu-item content);
当中uFlags 能够是：
MF_BITMAP。MF_OWNERDRAW，MF_STRING
演示样例：
AppendMenu (hMenuPopup, MF_STRING, IDM_APP_EXIT,"E&xit") ;
AppendMenu (hMenu, MF_POPUP, hMenuPopup,"&File") ;
4.3 BOOLInsertMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // item that new item precedes
UINT uFlags, // options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);
这个函数和AppendMenu相比除了uPosition这个參数外，其余全然同样
uPosition：表示被插的位置索引或者菜单ID，详细是哪一个取决于uFlags中是MF_BYCOMMAND还是MF_BYPOSITION。
uIDNewItem：插入项是命令项的时候表示的是ID，插入项是菜单的时候表示的菜单句柄。
lpNewItem： 插入项的内容，详细取决于uFlags中包括的MF_BITMAP。MF_STRING。MF_OWNERDRAW
注意：不能放在一起的命令组合
- MF_BYCOMMAND and MF_BYPOSITION
- MF_DISABLED, MF_ENABLED, and MF_GRAYED
- MF_BITMAP, MF_STRING, MF_OWNERDRAW, and MF_SEPARATOR
- MF_MENUBARBREAK and MF_MENUBREAK
- MF_CHECKED and MF_UNCHECKED
4.4 BOOLInsertMenuItem( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uItem, // identifier or position
BOOL fByPosition, // meaning of uItem
LPCMENUITEMINFO lpmii // menu item information);
typedef struct tagMENUITEMINFO { UINT cbSize; UINT fMask; UINT fType; UINT fState; UINT wID; HMENU hSubMenu; HBITMAP hbmpChecked; HBITMAP hbmpUnchecked; ULONG_PTR dwItemData; LPTSTR dwTypeData; UINT cch; HBITMAP hbmpItem;} MENUITEMINFO, *LPMENUITEMINFO; 4.5 BOOL RemoveMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position
UINT uFlags // options);
4.6 BOOLModifyMenu( HMENU hMnu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item to modify
UINTuFlags, // options
UINT_PTR uIDNewItem, // identifier, menu, or submenu
LPCTSTR lpNewItem // menu item content);
4.7 BOOLDeleteMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
UINT uPosition, // menu item identifier or position
UINT uFlags // option);
删除菜单项，假设菜单项时弹出菜单。那么就会释放菜单句柄所指向的内存。
4.7 BOOLDrawMenuBar( HWND hWnd // handle to window);
4.8 HMENUGetSubMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to menu
int nPos // menu item position);
当菜单条发生变化时候。必须调用这个函数又一次绘制菜单//常常验证。未必
（6）右键菜单
右键菜单跟一般的菜单没什么差别。仅仅是弹出的时候。须要用到这个函数
BOOLTrackPopupMenu( HMENU hMenu, // handle to shortcut menu UINT uFlags, // options int x, // horizontal position int y, // vertical position int nReserved, // reserved, must be zero HWND hWnd, // handle to owner window CONST RECT *prcRect // ignored);
当中的uFlags參数指定了菜单中菜单中的对齐方式，左键右键选定菜单项
TPM_CENTERALIGN。TMP_LEFTALIGN。TMP_RIGHTALIGN
TPM_BOTTOMALIGN, TPM_TOPALIGN, TPM_VCENTERALIGN
TPM_LEFTBUTTPON,TPM_RIGHTBUTTON
TPM_NONOTIFY, TPM_RETURNCMD
（7）系统菜单
获取系统菜单句柄
HMENU GetSystemMenu(
HWNDhWnd, // handle to window
BOOL bRevert // reset option);
当中bRevert = FALSE时候。表示。复制系统的菜单，而且返回复制菜单的句柄，这个菜单能够进行改动。当bRevert = TRUE 时，设置系统菜单为默认的原始状态。而且函数返回值是NULL.
(8) 加速键
加速键也是一种资源，它能够使用快捷键迅速的打开命令项。加速键 能够在在资源中自己加入，也能够直接使用程序编写。
加速键中基本的改变的code有
while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0))
{ if (!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg)){ TranslateMessage(&msg);DispatchMessage(&msg);}}在这里 TranslateAccelerator函数把 一些按键消息翻译成WM_COMMAND，或者WM_SYSCOMMAND消息。
（9）代码演示样例
一下演示样例是一个全然依靠code不依赖创建资源的菜单demo，当中包括菜单条。右键菜单，系统菜单，加速键能够对菜单进行动态的改动，删除。加入操作。
#define OEMRESOURCE# include#define IDM_FILE_OPEN 100#define IDM_FILE_NEW 101#define IDM_FILE_PIC 102#define IDM_FILE_EXIT 103#define IDM_MENU_ADD 104#define IDM_MENU_REM 105#define IDM_MENU_DEL 106#define IDM_MENU_MOD 107#define IDM_ABOUT 108#define IDM_VERSION 109#define IDM_MENU_NEW 110#define IDM_POP_ONE 200#define IDM_POP_TWO 201#define IDM_SYS_ONE 300#define IDM_SYS_TWO 301LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam);HMENU createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd);HMENU createPopMenu(HWND hwnd);HACCEL createAccelerator(HWND hwnd);TCHAR* szAppName = TEXT("MenuClass");TCHAR* szWndName = TEXT("ChangeMenu");HACCEL hAccel = NULL;int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance,HINSTANCE hPreInstance,LPSTR lpCmdLine,int iCmdShow){ WNDCLASS wndCls; HWND hWnd; MSG msg; wndCls.cbClsExtra = 0; wndCls.cbWndExtra = 0; wndCls.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; wndCls.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; wndCls.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH); wndCls.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL,IDC_ARROW); wndCls.hIcon = LoadIcon(NULL,IDI_APPLICATION); wndCls.hInstance = hInstance; wndCls.lpszClassName = szAppName; wndCls.lpszMenuName = NULL; if(!RegisterClass(&wndCls)) { MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("Register window failed"),TEXT("Error"),MB_OK); } hWnd = CreateWindow(szAppName,szWndName,WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL,NULL,hInstance,NULL); UpdateWindow(hWnd); ShowWindow(hWnd,SW_NORMAL); while(GetMessage(&msg,NULL,0,0)) { if(!TranslateAccelerator(hWnd,hAccel,&msg)) TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } return msg.wParam;}LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd,UINT msg,WPARAM wParam,LPARAM lParam){ static int nAdd = 1; HMENU hMenu,hSonMenu,hTmpMenu; HMENU hTrack,hSon; HMENU hSysMenu; POINT pt; switch(msg) { case WM_CREATE: hMenu = createOwnMenu(hwnd); SetMenu(hwnd,hMenu); hSysMenu = GetSystemMenu(hwnd,FALSE); AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,0,NULL); AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_ONE,TEXT("SysOne")); AppendMenu(hSysMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_SYS_TWO,TEXT("SysTwo")); hAccel = createAccelerator(hwnd); break; case WM_SYSCOMMAND: switch(LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDM_SYS_ONE: MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item1"),NULL,MB_OK); break; case IDM_SYS_TWO: MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("This is added system menu item2"),NULL,MB_OK); break; } break; case WM_COMMAND: hMenu = GetMenu(hwnd); switch(LOWORD(wParam)) { case IDM_FILE_OPEN: MessageBox(NULL,TEXT("File Open selected"),TEXT("Test check"),MB_OK); break; case IDM_MENU_ADD: hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2); AppendMenu(hTmpMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,TEXT("New Item")); nAdd++; DrawMenuBar(hwnd); break; case IDM_MENU_REM: hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2); if( nAdd >1 ) { nAdd--; RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,IDM_MENU_NEW+nAdd,MF_BYCOMMAND); } // 当菜单项时弹出菜单的时候，只切断弹出菜单跟所属菜单的联系，但不销毁对象 /*GetSubMenu(hTmpMenu,2); RemoveMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION);*/ DrawMenuBar(hwnd); break; case IDM_MENU_MOD: hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2); ModifyMenu(hTmpMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("Modified Item")); DrawMenuBar(hwnd); break; case IDM_MENU_DEL: hTmpMenu = GetSubMenu(hMenu,2); DeleteMenu(hTmpMenu,2,MF_BYPOSITION); DrawMenuBar(hwnd); break; } break; case WM_RBUTTONDOWN: hTrack = createPopMenu(hwnd); hSon = GetSubMenu(hTrack,0); pt.x = LOWORD(lParam); pt.y = HIWORD(lParam); ClientToScreen(hwnd,&pt); TrackPopupMenu(hSon,TPM_LEFTBUTTON| TPM_RIGHTALIGN,pt.x,pt.y,0,hwnd,NULL); break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; } return DefWindowProc(hwnd,msg,wParam,lParam);}HMENU createOwnMenu(HWND hwnd){ HMENU hMenu = CreateMenu(); HMENU hPopMenu = CreateMenu(); //MF_BYPOSIOTION,MF_BYCOMMAND is not useful here in AppendMenu AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING|MF_CHECKED|MF_GRAYED,IDM_FILE_OPEN,TEXT("&Open")); InsertMenu(hPopMenu,0,MF_BYPOSITION|MF_STRING|MF_DISABLED,IDM_FILE_NEW,TEXT("&New")); HINSTANCE hInstance = (HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd,GWL_HINSTANCE); HBITMAP hBmp = (HBITMAP)LoadImage(hInstance,TEXT("bitmap1.bmp"),IMAGE_BITMAP,0,0,LR_LOADFROMFILE); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_BITMAP,IDM_FILE_PIC,(LPCWSTR)hBmp); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_SEPARATOR,NULL,NULL); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_FILE_EXIT,TEXT("&Exit")); SetMenuItemBitmaps(hPopMenu,IDM_FILE_PIC,MF_BYCOMMAND,hBmp,hBmp); AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("File")); hPopMenu = CreateMenu(); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_ADD,TEXT("&Add")); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_REM,TEXT("&Remove")); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_MOD,TEXT("&Modify")); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_DEL,TEXT("&Delete")); AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Menu")); hPopMenu = CreateMenu(); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_ABOUT,TEXT("About")); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_VERSION,TEXT("Version")); HMENU hSonMenu = CreateMenu(); AppendMenu(hSonMenu,MF_STRING,IDM_MENU_NEW,TEXT("Son")); AppendMenu(hPopMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hSonMenu,TEXT("Son Menu")); AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPopMenu,TEXT("Change")); return hMenu;}HMENU createPopMenu(HWND hwnd){ HMENU hMenu = CreateMenu(); HMENU hPop = CreateMenu(); AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_ONE,TEXT("One")); AppendMenu(hPop,MF_STRING,IDM_POP_TWO,TEXT("Twod")); AppendMenu(hMenu,MF_POPUP,(UINT_PTR)hPop,TEXT("Pop")); return hMenu;}HACCEL createAccelerator(HWND hwnd){ ACCEL acce[2]; acce[0].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY; acce[0].key = 'A'; acce[0].cmd = IDM_MENU_ADD; acce[1].fVirt = FCONTROL | FNOINVERT | FVIRTKEY; acce[1].key = 'R'; acce[1].cmd = IDM_MENU_REM; HACCEL hAccel = CreateAcceleratorTable(acce,2); return hAccel;}